What is the process of transforming sediments into solid rock called?

The process of transforming sediments into solid rock is known as lithification. Lithification encompasses several key processes, including compaction and cementation. When sediments accumulate over time, the weight of the overlying material compresses the deeper sediments, leading to compaction. This process reduces the pore space between the grains. Following compaction, minerals precipitate from groundwater and fill the remaining spaces between the sediment particles. This cementation binds the grains together, effectively turning loose sediments into solid rock.

Understanding lithification is crucial as it describes the entire process of sedimentary rock formation, from loose particles to a cohesive solid rock mass. The term captures the combination of physical and chemical changes that occur during sediment deposition and burial. In contrast, compaction and cementation are specific steps within lithification, while metamorphism refers to the process in which existing rocks are transformed by heat and pressure without melting. Therefore, lithification is the most comprehensive term to describe the complete transformation of sediments into solid rock.