What is the study of the solid Earth and celestial bodies called?

The study of the solid Earth and celestial bodies is called geology. Geology encompasses various aspects of Earth's structure, composition, processes, and history, including the examination of rocks, minerals, and the processes that shape the planet over time. Geologists investigate not only the Earth’s physical characteristics but also its past environments and events, such as earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and the formation of different landforms. This discipline also extends to the study of other celestial bodies, such as the Moon, Mars, and beyond, often involving comparative analysis to understand planetary formation and evolution.

Other scientific disciplines mentioned, like geography, meteorology, and oceanography, focus on different aspects of the Earth. Geography is concerned with spatial relationships and the interaction of humans with their environment. Meteorology deals with the atmosphere and weather phenomena, while oceanography focuses on the oceans and their ecosystems. Each of these fields has its unique scope, which distinguishes them from the specific domain of geology.