What is the systematic study involving observation and data collection called?

The term that best describes the systematic study involving observation and data collection is science. Science is defined as a methodical approach that seeks to understand natural phenomena through observation, experimentation, and critical analysis. It encompasses a wide range of disciplines and employs established methodologies to gather data, test hypotheses, and develop theories.

This systematic approach is foundational in distinguishing science from other forms of inquiry or knowledge. While empirical study and research also involve observation and data collection, they are often components of the broader scientific endeavor. Statistical analysis refers specifically to techniques for interpreting data, which is a part of the scientific process but does not encompass the entire scope of systematic study as science does.

The holistic nature of science allows it to interlink various disciplines and utilize multiple methods, making it the most fitting answer in this context.