What term describes the idea that the Earth's surface has been shaped primarily by high-energy, short-duration events?

The concept that describes the shaping of the Earth's surface primarily through high-energy, short-duration events is termed catastrophism. This theory suggests that significant geological features and changes occur due to sudden, intense events such as volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, and asteroid impacts. Catastrophism contrasts with the principle of uniformitarianism, which posits that the Earth has been shaped gradually over long periods through processes similar to those observed today, emphasizing gradualism rather than dramatic, episodic events.

By recognizing how catastrophism explains certain geological formations caused by these abrupt occurrences, it becomes clear why this term is the appropriate choice. In the context of earth sciences, understanding the balance and interplay between both catastrophism and uniformitarianism helps in interpreting the geological history and processes of the planet.