Which of the following is NOT considered a branch of Earth science?

Biology is not considered a branch of Earth science because it primarily focuses on the study of living organisms, their functions, growth, evolution, and interactions with their environment. While it does encompass aspects of life on Earth, it does not specifically study Earth systems, processes, or the physical environment itself.

In contrast, the other options represent distinct branches of Earth science that concentrate on various components of the Earth and its systems. Geology examines the solid Earth, including its materials, structures, processes, and history. Meteorology focuses on the atmosphere and weather patterns, studying climate and atmospheric phenomena. Oceanography explores the oceans' physical, chemical, biological, and geological aspects. Each of these fields is interrelated with the Earth sciences, emphasizing the dynamic and interconnected nature of Earth and its systems.